Christianity, Islam and Terrorism :: Threats To World Peace

The ongoing conflicts in Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and other countries of the Middle East and Africa have influenced American public opinion against Muslims. There is a fundamental misconception of what exactly Islam sanctions, encourages, and allows. The tenets of the Islamic faith are, of course, different than those of Christianity, which prevails in America today. However, the two faiths share much in common and there is no rational reason to view Islam as an â€Å"extremist† faith, any more than Christianity should be viewed that way. How do Christianity and Islam differ, and how are they similar? What common ground can be reached between two cultures that clash so violently? While Islam and Christianity are unique and differ in many ways, the two faiths share similar features, that when analyzed rationally, can unite the two cultures under the banner of understanding. The faith of Islam centers itself in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, just as Christianity does. Old Testament stories appear in the holy book of Islam, the Qur’an, as well as New Testament events. Islam does not dispute the veracity of the Bible, merely adds to it. As a matter of fact, Islam itself claims Old Testament roots. In the Old Testament story of Abraham, Sara, and Hagar, Abraham has two sons – Isma’il (Ishmael) and Isaac. Muslims claim the line of Isma’il as their ancestor, and the Qur’an states, â€Å"We shall worship Thy Allah and the Allah of thy fathers, of Abraham, Isma'il and Isaac, - the one (True) Allah. To Him we bow (in Islam)." 1 â€Å"Father Abraham† is held in high regard in the faith of Islam. It is written in the Holy Qur’an, â€Å"Also mention in the Book (the story of) Abraham: He was a man of Truth, a prophet.†2 Jesus is also frequently mentioned in the Qur’an, not as the son of God, but as a prophet. The miracles He performed are acknowledged as divine acts of God that occurred through him, and it is also acknowledged that he was subject to disbelief at the time. According to the Qur’an, God (or Allah) says to Jesus, â€Å""O Jesus the son of Mary! Recount My favour to thee and to thy mother. Behold! I strengthened thee with the Holy Spirit, so that thou didst speak to the people in childhood and in maturity. Behold! I taught thee the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel and behold! thou makest out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by My leave, and thou breathest into it and it becometh a bird by My leave, and thou healest those born blind, and the lepers, by My leave.

Neurotransmitter: Neuron and Hormones Function

What Is Neurotransmitter? Neurotransmitter is a chemical that is released from a nerve cell which thereby transmits an impulse from a nerve cell to another nerve, muscle, organ or other tissue. (Webster new world medicine dictionary. http://www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=9973) What are Hormones? Hormones are chemicals that carry messages from organs of your body to your cells. The glands that secrete hormones are part of the endocrine system (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas, to name a few) and work in large part to keep the body’s natural balance in check. (Gary Gills, former about. com January 15, 2009. ttp://type1diabetes. about. com/od/glossaryofdiabetesterms/g/Hormones. ht Give an explanation of two similarities and two differences in how Neurotransmitter and hormones function as messenger. It is believed that the brain contains several hundred different types of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that act as communication agents between different brain cells. These chemical messengers are molecular substances that can affect mood, appetite, anxiety, sleep, heart rate, temperature, aggression, fear and many other psychological and physical occurrences. Two differences between neurotransmitter and hormones is . Neurotransmitter has an instantaneously reaction while hormones have a late reaction. This is so because hormones are secreted by the endocrine glands in the bloodstream away from their function site and are carried by the circulation (bloodstream) to the target cell where they are effective. While Neurotransmitter is released at a specialized region of nerve cells and have to diffuses over a small gap (synaptic cleft) to the target cell. 2. Hormones have a long lasting reaction while Neurotransmitters has a short time reaction. http://www. differencebetween. net/science/difference-between-enzymes-and-hormones/

Jobs Essays

Jobs Essays Jobs Essay Jobs Essay This Apple must be as popular as the apple that drove Adam and Eve out of Paradise. And the man responsible behind the success of the famed computer company is its head, Steven Jobs. The famed driving force behind the renaissance of Apple Inc., and the icon that defined global digital entertainment and culture. John Markoffs profile on Steve Jobs in the New York Times dated May 24, 2007, maps the moguls richly colorful career. Jobs founded Apple with Steve Wozniak in 1976, had conflict with Apples executive John Sculley and left in 1985, founded NeXt computer, then in 1986 bought and re-established Lucasfilms computer graphics division as the animation studio Pixar. After a decade in exile, he emerged in 1997 by selling the NeXt operating system to Apple and returning to the company to modernize its computers. Since then, Jobs have introduced the new Mac, churned out the iPod that have withstood giant competitors for years and continues to be an icon in the new generations fashionable gadgets, and have recently unveiled the Apple TV and the iPhone as part of Apples new accessories. Jobs comeback has not been without controversy. Apple had the stocks controversy where they had an internal investigation regarding irregularities in stock options, but Jobs escaped unscathed. He was also diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2004, but survived it. In 2006, he has sold his Pixar studio to Disney and has since joined Disneys board of directors. Jobs keeps focused on Apple though. Steve Jobs is an effective leader for a variety of reasons: he had vision, he had innovation, he had determination, he had influence, and most importantly he had passion. Jobs is known in the industry for his leadership qualities, his motivation to succeed, and his dedication to his work. He believed in his vision, he knew what he wanted Apple to be, and after years of difficulties, he had emerged victor and have turned the dying company alive again. To begin with, he founded his own company with his partner Wozniak and hired the people he deemed the best. He was twenty-one years old when he first established Apple, and sought out an experienced manager to help him make his dreams for the company come true. He found Sculley, a decision he would later regret when he was sidelined in the company he helped built. Despite these setbacks, Jobs did not give up. He believed in the power of computing technology, and moved on from Apple to starting his own computer company NeXt and kept at it even though it did not have a lucrative market. Ten years after, Apple bought NeXt from Jobs and had him back as CEO to reverse Apples near bankruptcy into profitability. If Jobs let go of his vision, he would not have gotten back full reins of Apple because he would have given up when he nobody believed in his progressive beliefs and ideas. In the same way, he believed in innovation. He dared to go where no one has gone before. He believed aesthetic design and aggressive marketing to be as important as the software and hardware themselves. He did not sacrifice the capabilities of a product just to achieve a certain aesthetically pleasing design, nor did he prioritize design over competence. Instead, he pushed their products to accommodate both. He presented the iPod amidst speculations that it will not be able to debunk Sonys Discman, despite consumer anxiety that it was not compatible with existing Microsoft software, and the hazy prospect of buying songs online. The iPod has undergone five generations, and recently released the latest iPod touch, and continues to be the leading music device of the generation. Jobs exhibited determination, one of the main reasons behind his success. He would not accept failure quietly he learned from his past mistakes and continued what he loved to do, his passion. He continued experimenting and developing computers even after his demise at Apple. Further, he expanded his horizons and bought Lucasfilms computer graphic division and repackaged it as Pixar. Pixar has then become the leading animation studio in the industry, attracting the attention of Disney that led to its eventual induction with the animation giant. Jobs’ determination was, in a way, indicative of his burning passion for his chosen field he had the vision, the dream, and poured everything he had into it. Lastly, what makes Jobs an effective leader is his influence. An individual is not a leader if he has no influence over others, if he cannot motivate them, share his vision with them. Apple and Pixar are successes because Jobs’ people believed in him and in his dreams. They followed where he wanted to go, and trusted his decisions. When he first left Apple, a handful who believed in him followed him to set up NeXt despite witnessing a major setback Jobs faced at his former company. A decade later, Apple have turned around and asked for Jobs help when they were in the brink of annihilation. They needed NeXt to breathe life back to the dying company, and Jobs took over. At first the employees were fearful of Jobs because he might fire them on the spot, but later on their affinity with the company increased when Apple started taking off. Jobs was proud, and he was proud of his company. As Apple’s stocks soared, Jobs congratulated the members of his company for the momentou s day. His effectiveness as a leader might be measured by the risen value of the company that he runs, but more significant than that was his ability to create the brand Apple and inculcate it in the minds and lifestyles of the millions of iPod owners worldwide. Even beyond his company, Jobs exercises influence over technology trends and consumer choices. He is a powerful voice in the shareability and piracy of media. He is a trendsetter and the innovation that he spearheads influences the direction of the competition between him and other companies perhaps the most significant indicative factor of his ability to influence. Indeed, it his ability to influence others because of his sheer faith that made his employees believe that the sinking ship that was Apple could actually be saved. And it was, under his strong leadership.

Torture in Modern Society Essay

Torture in Modern Society Essay Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Woman soldier in Iraq committed suicide, upset over torture of prisoners† (Anonymous 6). Such a headline instantly strikes the reader’s mind by bringing them an idea of how harsh torture can be these days. During the war on terror in Iraq, several American troops used a variety of severe torture methods on prisoners of war. Those who were found guilty received long term prison sentences. Also, in the United States, the CIA had developed special interrogation rules for the U.S military interrogators to use on captured prisoners. However, American interrogators went completely against the rules in Iraq. In the Journey into the Whirlwind, Ginzburg mentions information from her personal experience regarding the interrogation and torture methods used on prisoners during Stalin’s purges. By comparing those methods to the ones used by Americans in Iraq, a clear picture can be formed to show how sadistic and inhumane relationships to prisoners of war in today’s society are, despite the fact that Stalin’s purges are now seen as a terrible catastrophe- Americans did not learn the lesson. Throughout her book, Ginzburg undergoes a series of interrogation procedures. Most of these procedures consist only of psychological approaches; however, there are some instances of applied physical force, consisting of beating or kicking the victim in different areas of the body. Interrogators practice making intimidating facial expressions before the initial meetings with their victims, in order to fill them with fear and break them down psychologically: â€Å"I learned that this grimace was part of the interrogators’ stock in trade and that they were made to practice it before a looking glass. But seeing it for the first time, I felt sure that it expressed Vevers’s own attitude to me personally† (Ginzburg 49). After striking victims with fear, interrogators then ask a variety of questions to make them confess and sign falsified documents: â€Å"It is known to the investigators that you belonged to a secret terrorist organization among the editorial staff of R ed Tartary. Do you admit this?† (Ginzburg 50). Most victims can’t take all the false accusations or beatings and sign the documents. This enables them to get out of prison, however, there is no way for them to escape death because the secret police follow and eventually shoot them. Those who don’t give in, like Ginzburg, are put into cells and constantly undergo the same interrogation cycles. Probably the strongest method of interrogation which Ginzburg experiences is called the â€Å"conveyor belt†. This is an uninterrupted process of questioning by a changing team of interrogators, where the victim is put into a room, usually for a couple of days, and is questioned non-stop without any sleep or food. There is absolutely no physical force applied to the victim using this method. As Ginzburg said: â€Å"The object of the conveyor belt is to wear out the nerves, weaken the body, break resistance, and force the prisoner to sign whatever is required† ( Ginzburg 83). Looking at the procedures above, Ginzburg didn’t experience any physical injuries nor was she drugged or sexually humiliated. This was different in comparison to what some prisoners in Iraq went through under U.S. supervision. During the war on terror in Iraq, a lot of information about the actual events leaked out. For a number of years, the CIA had a fixed set of rules for American interrogators to use on captured prisoners. These consisted of physical methods such as beatings. However, these methods later proved to them that the information they retrieve from their victims is usually unreliable. Eventually, these were later replaced by more, what the CIA believes, efficient psychological methods. These new methods were used on prisoners in Iraq by the U.S military. According to U.S. officials and former prisoners, â€Å"detainees have been stripped naked, covered with hoods, deprived of sleep and light, and made to stand or sit in painful positions for extended periods. Some have been drugged. Sexual humiliation is not unheard of† (Ripley 1). Even though these methods didn’t inflict any physical injuries to the prisoners, they still lead to â€Å"prolonged psychological problems which are far more disabling than the physical pain, leading to suicide or coma† (Ripley 1). Due to the cruel nature of this, the Geneva Convention required that prisoners who underwent such mistreatments be paid â€Å"daily wages† (Ripley 1). The interrogation methods used by the U.S. military were far more dehumanizing and unlawful towards humanity in comparison to Ginzburg’s experiences. Besides the interrogations, Ginzburg mentions about some of the torture means she experiences while in prison. At first, prisoners aren’t tortured by physical means, such as beatings. However, one day, after coming back to her cell, Ginzburg finds one of her cell mates, Zina, lying on the floor, badly bruised: â€Å"On the floor, beside the slop pail, lay Zina. Her white blouse, crumpled, torn, and blood-stained, now looked like a wounded bird. There was a huge bruise on her bare shoulder. We stared in horror. So it had begun! This was the first case (at any rate, the first we had seen) of a woman being beaten during interrogation† (Ginzburg 124). Apart from this, another time when Ginzburg experiences physical torture is when a warder, â€Å"Nabob†, punches her in the stomach and twists her arms, tying her hands with a towel. Luckily, for Ginzburg, she isn’t raped. Basically, the only physical methods of torture Ginzburg experiences are beatings. No other harsh methods are involved. Besides the limited physical tortures, the majority of other tortures Ginzburg experiences are psychological. To try and make her confess to the false accusations, the interrogators put Ginzburg through an extended period of hunger, where she â€Å"eats nothing for a week except a chunk of black bread washed down with hot water† (Ginzburg 67). Keeping prisoners from food for days is one of the psychological torture tactics interrogators use. Also, in order to make every prisoner as uncomfortable and intolerant as possible, the interrogators put more prisoners into a cell than the minimum capacity allowed: â€Å"The cell, which was meant for three, already held five; I was the sixth† (Ginzburg 104). In addition to that, there were â€Å"three wooden bunks and a single large plank bed† (Ginzburg 104). The cells contain rodents and cockroaches. Prisoners have to take turns to sleep on the bed; those without beds sleep on the floor. There is also no light in the cells and prisoners experience eye pain after reading books borrowed from the library. Another form of psychological torture Ginburg experiences is â€Å"The Punishment Cell†, where she is put in half-naked, and left for a certain period of time to withstand the cold and dampness of the cell. These are some methods of psychological torture interrogators use continuously on prisoners. After undergoing such methods, most prisoners become insane and develop an intense desire to get out of prison, therefore confessing to the false accusations and signing documents. However, none of them undergo acts of extreme sadism or forced sex. Unfortunately, things weren’t the same for Iraqi prisoners who were mistreated by American troops. During the reign of Saddam Hussein, the infamous Abu Ghraib prison kept numerous Iraqi prisoners. The conditions were horrible with endless tortures and executions. When the United States occupied Iraq, Abu Ghraib was completely renovated, with some additional facilities added. Most of the world thought that since the Americans had taken over, all the tortures that went on will slowly come to an end. However, after extremely sensitive information of the prison activities was uncovered, citizens of the world were shocked. According to the investigators of the Red Cross, â€Å"Military intelligence used physical and psychological methods of coercion such as Hooding. This prevented prisoners from seeing, disoriented them and prevented them from breathing freely. Hooding was also used in conjunction with beatings thus increasing anxiety as to when blows would come† (Danner 6). Another method used was â€Å"handcuffing with flexi-cuffs, sometimes made so tight and used for such ex tended periods that they caused long-term after affects on hands (nerve damage)† (Danner 6). Prisoners were also â€Å"beat with hard objects such as pistols and rifles; attached to cell doors in humiliating (i.e. naked) or uncomfortable positions; exposed while hooded to loud music or to the sun for several hours during the hottest time of the day† (Danner 6). This wasn’t all. There was also information uncovered about some of the â€Å"unusual methods† used. Some of these consisted of â€Å"breaking of chemical lights and pouring the phosphoric liquid on detainees; sodomizing detainees with a chemical light or a broom stick; using military working dogs to frighten and intimidate detainees† (Danner 8). Probably the most shocking pieces of evidence were the graphic photographs, taken at the time prisoners were abused. The article â€Å"Torture at Abu Ghraib† from The New Yorker, gives a description of the sadistic activities in the photographs: â€Å"In one, Private England, a cigarette dangling from her mouth, is giving a jaunty thumbs-up sign and pointing at the genitals of a young Iraqi, who is naked except for a sandbag over his head, as he masturbates. Three other hooded and naked Iraqi prisoners are shown, hands reflexively crossed over their genitals. A fifth prisoner has his hands at his sides. In another, England stands arm in arm with Specialist Graner; both are grinning and giving the thumbs-up behind a cluster of perhaps seven naked Iraqis, knees bent, piled clumsily on top of each other in a pyramid. There is another photograph of a cluster of naked prisoners, again piled in a pyramid. Near them stands Graner, smiling, his arms crossed; a woman soldier stands in front of him, bending over, and she, too, is smiling. Then, there is another cluster of hooded bodies, with a female soldier standing in front, taking photographs. Yet another photograph shows a kneeling, naked, unhooded male prisoner, head momentarily turned away from the camera, posed to make it appear that he is performing oral sex on another male prisoner, who is naked and hooded† (Hersh 2). By forcing prisoners into such absurd activities, American soldiers went completely â€Å"against the laws of every culture, especially Islamic law, where it is humiliating for men to be naked in front of other men† (Hersh 2). In general, the methods of torture American troops used on Iraqi prisoners consisted of a large variety of extremely inhumane and sadistic acts. The levels of sadism and violence of the troops in Iraq went far beyond the descriptions of Ginzburg’s experiences. In conclusion, after reading this paper, the audience will get an idea that people will never learn from the mistakes which happened in the past, such as torture of innocent people during Stalin’s purges. Instead of making sure that such things will never take occur again, people become even more violent and sadistic. An example of this was what some of the American troops did to the Iraqi prisoners. Such a pattern will continue forever, unless some drastic measures are taken. Perhaps if someone who has high authority reads this paper, they will understand that monitoring the appropriateness of troops’ activities during interrogations should be the highest priority. If more effort was put into that in Abu Ghraib, the horrible events which took place could have been avoided and America’s image wouldn’t have been ruined because of a particular group of sadistic troops. Research Papers on Torture in Modern Society EssayCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Spring and AutumnAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Does developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of Essay

Does developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of the virtual environment have a major influence on the outcome of effective collaboration - Essay Example The frame work used for this study was Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) which is based on Anthony Giddens Structuration theory (DeSanctis & Poole, 1994). From the study, we can conclude that the results acquired are controversial and do not present the complete picture of the research on consensus of appropriation due to various limitations. In the past information technology primarily supported business functions by just improving the efficiency. Advanced information technologies (AIT) are designed to support coordination along with interpersonal communication which epitomize to a new class of information technologies ( DeSanctis and Poole 1994). Adopting the Adaptive Structuration Theory Framework (AST) emphasizes how Advance Information Technology is used to mediate any influence on the effective collaboration in a GDSS system. The effective use of Group Support systems (GSS) to aid work in small groups has been an important topic of research since the mid 1980s as the major focus was on the technology rather than the factors which influence the outcome of effective collaboration in GSS. GDSS aims to improve the process of decision making by removing communication barriers. The factors influencing group problem solving include: reluctance to participate, inconsistent views about the problem's components and their rel ationships, undue dominance by one individual in the group, tendency towards premature convergence, unproductive avoidance or escalation of conflict, and issues of leadership (DeSanctis, 1996).It is interesting to look at the impact of developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of the virtual environment and whether it has a major influence on the outcome of effective collaboration. The impact of technology appropriation and consensus development on the collaboration effectiveness of the virtual groups is the topic which has certain perspectives for the further research, and the basis for such assumption lies in the fact that the rates of technological development at present are the highest, and their impact on the human life and on the decision outcomes as a part of the virtual groups' performance should not be underestimated. This is why I decided to make this topic the subject of my research, using the Adaptive Structuration Theory and literary resources as the basis for the analysis and discussion of the results acquired. Background The data set used for analysis was taken from the second semester of 2003 which was a joint effort between the first year students at Uppsala University at Sweden and the third year students of Auckland University of Technology (AUT) in New Zealand. The collaborative database was developed using Lotus Notes at the school of computing and Information Sciences, AUT. The online collaboration consists of two phases. The first phase is Icebreaking activity which actually allows different users to introduce themselves and get familiar with the database in order to explore different features of it. . At the end of the phase one, the user evaluates and comments on the icebreaking task. The next phase is the group decision phase in which the group members had to evaluate 3 websites and accordingly rank them based on group

SARS Treatment Methods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

SARS Treatment Methods - Research Paper Example Since SARS is almost impossible to extinguish from the face of the planet Earth, the fear of this disease has existed since it first appeared among the populations in 2003, making it a powerful weapon against the fearful populations that never truly goes away. The primary source comes from the American Medical Association (AMA). AMA collects data on disease outbreaks, as well as research and activism related to health (AMAa). Its mission and guiding principles focus on the belief that a corporate association can promote ethical approaches to patients, further innovations in the field, and set standards for other physicians and medical students, among other things (AMAb). It also acts as support to physicians on legal issues by providing information on antitrust laws and physician payment filing (AMAc). The AMA website contains 64 different sources on the word â€Å"SARS† (AMAd). Resources range from definitions of the disease, to clinician infections and health system preparedness (AMAd). Information through articles is provided on international SARS outbreaks as well (AMAd). AMA provides links to other organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). AMA also focuses on other infectious diseases. Besides SARS, AMA also provides information on â€Å"tuberculosis, influenza, viral hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, bloodborne and foodborne pathogens †¦ allergies, meningitis and many others† (AMAe). Information provided comes in form of â€Å"extensive reports, fact sheets, toolkits and links to then latest research† (AMAe). ... 2003 Detection and Responses to SARS In November 2002, SARS contagions began in Foshan City (Kaufman 53 - 54). This city is located in the South of China, where large numbers of pigs and chickens live in close proximity to humans (Kaufman 54). Thus, this area is known for virus mutations and disease outbreaks among humans (Kaufman 54). Symptoms of SARS are similar to flu. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), symptoms start with an increased bodily temperature above 38 Celsius degrees (1). Other symptoms might follow: bone ache, headache, and feeling of discomfort, diarrhea, dry cough and finally, pneumonia (CDC 1). However, China, unlike other countries, attempted to hide SARS outbreaks. As the outbreaks set in, the Chinese government covered them up, thus allowing the infected to travel abroad and infect more persons (Kaufman 54). As a result, the contagion became global, instead of being only isolated to a few areas in China. By January 2003, when autho rities were secretly notified, disease had spread across the entire region. However, the public was still kept unaware (Kaufman 54). According to Kaufman, the justification for secrecy lies in the fact that pneumonia was not required to be reported to the public (54). WHO acted a few months later. According to Bloom, one of the top WHO infectious disease specialists was infected by SARS in March of 2003 in Hanoi (701). The specialist died. Rumors spread about additional contagions in China (Bloom 701). Once WHO was alerted by a health computer logarithm, on February 11 the Chinese authorities reported the epidemic (Kaufman 55). It was in April that WHO was allowed to access the area (Kaufman

Community Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Design - Essay Example One of the important elements which has contributed to Pro Bono Design Collaboratives success is the specialized scope of services offered. Collaborative volunteers dedicate their time and effort to the inception of the project. Traditionally, not for profit organizations have found it a challenge to encounter the appropriate professional expertise. This challenge has been in regards to pre development planning. The dilemma is that there is no capital funding without the pre development of the projects. There are scarce resources to delegate to pre development personnel until the pre development phase of the project is completed. This is where the pro social volunteers of the neighborhood come to the assistance of the Pro Bono Design Collaborative. The progressive neighborhood influence requires that there should be some personnel with expertise in practical problem solving. This neighborhood requirement inspired the formation of Public Architecture. Consequently, the 1% solution pro gram was created. The designation of 1% was given to the program. The Pro Bono Collaborative provides the necessary pre development services, thereby encouraging the construction phase of the proposed projects. The scope of these pre development services may also be speculative neighborhood endeavors and other professional services which include research. The motivations of these endeavors are to benefit the greater good. The causal attribution of the laissez- faire perception is that there has been scarce professional encouragement in the field of architecture. The architectural professionals in the community have not perceived the pro social volunteer work as an essential to a successful business model (rastorfer-darl-the community design collaborative.pdf). Public architecture is a not for profit organization which encourages the community professionals in the architectural field to participate in the enhancement of the public good. The Pro Bono